FRANCE
The construction of "migrant women" as a category of public action reflected in legislative measures in the last ten years. The issue of "immigrant women", considered a public priority, falls within the scope of both integration policy and women's rights policy.le.
The French government, in accordance with international treaties, is setting up an organizational approach to integration policy to take into account the different sectors of integration policy for migrant women in France. In terms of labor market integration and access to employment, national guidelines and priorities specifically take into account migrant women, as evidenced by the "action plan for the recognition of skills of newcomers and access to employment for foreign women. This consideration is the result of a development of the national integration strategy and the orientations pronounced by the Inter-ministerial Committee on Integration (C2I) and the Inter-ministerial Committee on Immigration and Integration (C3I) in 2018 and 2019.
GREECE
* The Migration and Social Integration Code (Law 4251/2014) is currently the basic law regulating integration.
**National Integration Strategy 2013
*** National Integration Strategy 2019
****National Integration Strategy 2021
* It addresses issues related to residence permits and access to the labour market.
** Identified the promotion of integration of female immigrants in the education system, labour market integration and access to public services, among others, as important components of the integration.
*** Underlines the need for pre-installation of asylum seekers, the need for the social integration of beneficiaries of international protection, among other actions.
ITALY
* Italian Constitution (1948)
**Law 943/1986
***Law 39/1990, known as “Martelli Law”
****Law 40/1998, known as “Turco-Napolitano Law”
*****Law 189/2002, known as “Bossi-Fini Law”
******Law 173/2020 on Immigration and international protection
*******New Pact on Migration and Asylum (2021)
* Devotes a few paragraphs to the notion of sex, women and foreigners in terms of equal rights and social dignity for all.
As from the enactment of the very first immigration law in Italy, the phenomenon has been primarily and increasingly approached in terms of labour and public safety (emergency).
** Law 943, first immigration law in Italy: the phenomenon is addressed in an emergency and non-organic manner, basically in terms of labour (regulating non-EU immigrant workers and fighting irregular immigration).
*** Law 39, first organic law on immigration: introduces social measures for immigrants; specifies the rules of entry and stay in Italy, or rejection at the border; redefines refugee status.
**** Law 40, first immigration law: the most consistent and organic immigration law so far intended to overcome the emergency approach.
***** Law 189: adds more control upon immigration, tightens the regulations against aiding and fostering illegal immigration, and introduces the System of Protection for Asylum Seekers and Refugees (SPRAR).
Due to its rigidity, the Law 189 used to be repeatedly the object of criticism: yet, it has been followed by increasingly restrictive decree laws and legislative acts on immigration, known as “Security Packages” or “Security Decrees”.
****** Law 173 intervened on many issues, esp. in relaxing restrictive measures on immigration and integration.
******* A comprehensive approach to migration and to the right to asylum and international protection.
PORTUGAL
* Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (1976)
** The National Implementation Plan of the Global Pact on Migration and the Strategic Plan for Migration 2015-2020
*** The Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF)
* Regulations that recognize international law. The rules of general international law are automatically incorporated into the national legal system. There are some specific International Conventions that need to be addressed through the ratification procedure.
** National legislation that adopts inclusion and integration policies. Various policies have been developed to promote integration.
*** Legislation that considers gender issues. FAMI has a specific program that aims to develop and implement gender-sensitive integration policies.
SLOVENIA
* The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia (1991)
** Foreigners Act (2011 … 2021)
*** International Protection Act (2016 … 2021)
* Defines the right to asylum
** Regulates permission to stay by distinguishing between temporary and permanent residence status
However, it is necessary to point out that since there is no specific regulation, there are multiple and diverse laws that, in some way, can allude to this issue.
SPAIN
* National Programme for the Asylum, Migration and Integration European Fund (2014-2020).
** Organic Law 1/2004, of 28 December, on Comprehensive Protection Measures against Gender Violence
*** Third Plan for gender equality in the General State Administration and in linked or dependent Public Bodies
**** Second National Action Plan for Women, Peace and Security" (2017-2023)
* Promote integration from a two-way approach. Specific measures are contemplated for migrant women.
** Special attention is paid to the case of foreign women.
*** Promotes the elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against women.
**** Makes women's rights a priority.
The summary table presented above shows how each of the countries analyzed has a regulation that promotes the integration of migrant women. Despite this, considerable differences are observed between each of the contexts. While some of the regulations/programs attend exclusively to the group of migrant women (see the case of France), there are others in which the specificities of migrant women are not considered (see the case of Slovenia).