FRANCE
Immigrant women have been promoted as a priority category for public intervention. Civic integration measures have been developed, for example: free access to language courses, employment services, incorporation of anti-discriminatory measures, among others.
Limitations: Stigmatizing; “Culturalizing” and “moralizing” citizenship through a postcolonial normative framework; Patronalizing “women’s participatory integration” and the silencing of political dissent.
Recommendations: Consider the heterogeneity of the group; eliminate the image of victim/submission; critically evaluate postcolonial policies; make political discontent and social marginalization visible.
GREECE
The Community Centers of the municipalities and the Migrant Integration Centers attend to the individual needs of third-country nationals by offering “One Stop-Shop” services in collaboration with other directorates and centers
Limitations: social exclusion at multiple levels, lack of effective integration policy and barriers towards accessing formal employment, formal education, social care and housing, healthcare and intercultural coexistence.
Recommendations: Support regarding the Greek language learning for refugees and migrants tailored to needs and locations of residence, establishment of an enhanced labour complaint mechanism, supportive programmes for starting a business and activities, provision of legal assistance and support regarding regularization, measures to combat stereotypes and racism, gender based violence, improvement of translation and mediation services in public administration, support of needs of migrant women/mothers, empowerment and civic participation.
ITALY
It is the third sector that has a fundamental role in the development of inclusion strategies and actions for migrant women, with specific reference to some interesting local experiences of NGOs/cultural associations (migrant, migrant women’s or mixed associations), mingled with women’s networking, and cases of institutional involvement of migrant women into social, cultural and political life.
Limitation: there is no standard national policy dedicated (almost) exclusively to the integration of immigrant women
Recommendations: Consider inclusion as a process; address specific needs from a gender perspective; overcome the ethnocentric perspective; consider all the agents involved; greater attention to associative life from the sociocultural, political and social inclusion point of view
PORTUGAL
There is the National Network to Support the Integration of Migrants, made up of ) the National Support Centers for Migrant Integration (CNAIM) and the Local Support Centers for Migrant Integration (CLAIM). Likewise, the associative movement of immigrants is of great importance.
Limitation: it highlights the absence of the gender perspective in the legal documents addressed by the organizations. However, the Project Team on Intersectional Inequalities has been created, translates the recognition of the need for a gender sensitive approach in the analysis and intervention in the field of migration.
Recommendations: To promote associations and support existing associations and immigrants, as well as social and religious entities.
SLOVENIA
In the integration of women, NGOs and activists acquire great importance. These assume the main role that must be played by state institutions. Likewise, informal networks such as family and friends acquire a fundamental role.
Limitation: lack of help and state support. Non-consideration of the gender approach.
Recommendation: Promote greater involvement of the State
SPAIN
The competences in this matter belong to the Autonomous Communities, the State and the local administrations. Likewise, non-profit entities have a fundamental role
Limitations: Lack of guidance and assistance
Recommendations: promote the joint commitment of the various entities active in the matter; consider the double dimension they have as women and as migrants in different areas: education, family, housing...
The summary table shows how, in general, in the different contexts, non-governmental entities such as associations and NGOs acquire a fundamental role in the process of integrating migrant women (for example, see the case of Slovenia). Likewise, the lack of a gender approach in the measures and services provided to migrant women stands out as a limitation in some of the countries analyzed. This can give rise to interventions far from the real demand of the group in question. It is necessary to develop actions oriented towards the integration of the gender approach in the processes of attention to the migrant population.