There are various laws related to the labor market of migrant women. The Law n° 2006-911 of July 24, 2006 relative to immigration and integration, which promotes a selective migration policy, can be highlighted.

Major limitations despite being highly rated: lack of recognition of existing qualifications, limited access to public sector jobs, strict visa and residence permit requirements, family responsibilities, discriminations (gender, origin, religion etc)

The number of women who carry out their work in the care service is significant. Many of the jobs are in undeclared work. In addition, there is a high rate of unemployment among migrant women. In 2017 it was 21%

There are various laws related to the labor market integration of migrant women, for example: Law 4251/2014 Immigration and Social Integration Code and other provisions includes gender perspective in the migration policy in the procedures Law 4636/2019 “On International Protection and other provisions” women are also mentioned.

There is a high division of labor where migrant women are in the informal sector of the labor market, working without insurance and without being in a regularized situation.
If a woman is an asylum seeker (an applicant for international protection) and has completed the procedure for lodging her application for international protection and possess a valid applicant for international protection card or asylum seeker’s card then she has the right to access salaried employment or to the provision of services or work. If a woman is an asylum seeker, she does not have the right to be self-employed or start her own enterprise.If a woman has beenrecognizedas refugee or a beneficiary of subsidiary protection and holds a valid residence permit, she has access under the same conditions as Greek nationals.

59.4%, of female migrants can be found in the household sector; accommodation and food service activities at 17.2%, manufacturing at 7.2%, agriculture, forestry and fishing at 3.5%, and wholesale and retail trade at 2.7%. In addition, the number of unemployment is very high.
Shadow economy in Greece isestimated in 29.4% of the country’s GDP. The jobs inwhich migrant women are largely employed are paid ornot paid occupations outside the margins of formalemployment and unregistered.

All immigration laws (as from the very first one) have increasingly approached the phenomenon in terms of labour (plus public safety and emergency). In order to work in Italy, foreign nationals must have a work permit (residence permit for work purposes), which is subjected to a set of requirements, dependant on the relevant immigration law.

Among the limitations, the following stand out: the impossibility of having their qualifications recognized (institutional discrimination), invisibility of migrant women that can be defined as social, economic and/or cultural (it is cause and consequence at the same time), their absence in the public sphere and the continuous concern about aspects such as future access to retirement/pension system

Socioeconomic employment niches of migrant women are identified, especially in the field of services/care

Access to the labor market and employment is regulated essentially by the Labor Code (Law nº. 7/2009, February 12th)

Little recognition of professional skills and, therefore, great difficulties in accessing qualified employment

A high number of migrant women residing in Portugal have to carry out low-skilled jobs. As an alternative, entrepreneurship is being promoted.

Access to the labor market and provisions of employment are regulated by the Employment, self-employment and work of foreigners Act

Complex bureaucracy to access the labor market; no access to public sector jobs; strict work visa and residence permit requirements; ethnic and national discrimination

Women with higher education or academic level have more facilities to find work and integrate. In some areas, there are opportunities to find work even before you migrate.

It can highlight Royal Decree 1800/2008 of 3 November, which develops Royal Decree-Law 4/2008, of 19 September, on the cumulative and advance payment of contributory unemployment benefit to non-EU foreign workers who voluntarily return to their countries of origin

Difficulties in validating the title (a lot of bureaucracy, high prices...), lack of knowledge of the language/customs, lack of legal advice, lack of knowledge about entrepreneurship, lack of support networks, difficulties in reconciling family life.

In 2015, 58% of the occupations of non-EU immigrant women in Spain were concentrated in three occupations: domestic and care work, cleaner and waitress.